Humulin R (Insulin)
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Description
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Fact Table
| Fact Table | |
|---|---|
| Formula | C257H383N65O77S6 |
| License | FDA approved |
| Bioavailability | ~70% (subcutaneous injection) |
| Legal status | Prescription and OTC (in some U.S. states) |
| Chemical Name | Insulin, recombinant human |
| Elimination half-life | ~4–6 minutes (short action: ~6–10 hours) |
| Dosage (Strength) | 100 units/mL (U-100), 500 units/mL (U-500) |
| Pregnancy | Category B – Generally safe; consult doctor |
| Brands | Humulin R, Novolin R |
| Protein binding | Negligible |
| PubChem CID | 16129678 |
| MedlinePlus | a682404 |
| ChEBI | 5931 |
| ATC code | A10AB01 |
| DrugBank | DB00030 |
| KEGG | D04444 |
| Routes of administration | Subcutaneous injection, intravenous (hospital use), intramuscular (rare) |
Humulin R is a short-acting human insulin used to control blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus. It is structurally identical to endogenous human insulin and is typically administered before meals to manage postprandial glucose elevations. Humulin R is indicated for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and is also commonly used in the hospital setting for acute glycemic management, including intravenous insulin protocols. Its onset of action begins approximately 30 minutes after injection, with peak effects between 2.5 to 5 hours and a duration of action up to 8 hours, depending on the dose and individual response.
Directions
Humulin R may be administered subcutaneously or intravenously, depending on clinical needs. For subcutaneous use, it should be injected 30 minutes before meals in the abdominal area, thigh, upper arm, or buttocks. Dosage must be individualized based on frequent blood glucose monitoring and tailored to the patient’s dietary intake and physical activity. Intravenous administration is reserved for specialized settings such as intensive care units or during surgery. Injection sites should be rotated within the same region to avoid lipodystrophy. Humulin R must not be mixed with other insulins unless specifically instructed by a healthcare provider.
Ingredients
Each mL of Humulin R contains 100 units of human insulin. Inactive ingredients include glycerin, metacresol, zinc oxide, and water for injection. Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide may be used to adjust the pH, which is approximately 7.0 to 7.8. The solution is clear, colorless, and sterile.
Contraindications
Humulin R is contraindicated during episodes of hypoglycemia and in patients with known hypersensitivity to human insulin or any of the product's excipients. Use caution in patients with a history of hypersensitivity reactions to other insulin preparations.
Cautions
Close monitoring of blood glucose is necessary, especially during dose initiation or adjustment. Patients with renal or hepatic impairment may require lower doses due to decreased insulin clearance. Sudden changes in insulin regimen, injection technique, or diet can significantly affect glycemic control. Certain medications, such as beta-blockers, diuretics, or corticosteroids, may interfere with glucose metabolism or mask signs of hypoglycemia. Alcohol may increase the risk of low blood sugar. Patients should be educated on recognizing and managing hypoglycemia and have emergency carbohydrate or glucagon kits available.
Side Effects
Common and potential adverse effects of Humulin R include:
- Hypoglycemia (most frequent)
- Injection site reactions (pain, redness, or swelling)
- Lipodystrophy or skin thickening
- Allergic reactions (localized or generalized)
- Weight gain
- Peripheral edema
Frequently Asked Questions about Humulin R
Can I take Humulin R if I have kidney or liver issues?
Yes, but you may need dose adjustments since insulin sensitivity can change with kidney or liver dysfunction. Regular monitoring is key.
How does Humulin R affect A1c?
It helps control post-meal blood sugar spikes, which contributes to lowering A1c, especially when combined with proper basal insulin and lifestyle management.
How is Humulin R U-500 different from U-100?
U-100: Standard concentration
U-500: 5x stronger, for people needing large insulin doses
U-500 requires special dosing and monitoring to avoid overdose.
Can I use Humulin R in a sliding scale?
Yes. Humulin R is commonly used in sliding scale insulin regimens to correct high blood sugar levels, particularly in hospitals.
What should I do if I miss a Humulin R dose?
If it was supposed to be taken before a meal and you already ate, do not take it. Resume at the next scheduled dose and monitor blood sugar closely.
What if my Humulin R appears cloudy?
Discard it. Humulin R should always be clear and colorless. If it’s cloudy, has particles, or has changed color, don’t use it.
Can I travel with Humulin R?
Yes. Keep it in a cool, insulated bag. Carry it in your hand luggage, and bring a prescription and doctor’s note if flying.
Does exercise affect Humulin R?
Yes. Exercise increases insulin sensitivity and may lower blood sugar, increasing hypoglycemia risk. Adjust your food or insulin dose accordingly.
Can I adjust my Humulin R dose myself?
No. Doses should only be adjusted by your healthcare provider based on your blood sugar patterns and individual needs.
Does Humulin R need to be shaken before use?
No. Humulin R is a clear insulin and should not be shaken. Simply roll the vial gently if needed and inspect for clarity.
